This page covers the coats of arms of the nobles involved in the Wars against the people of the Languedoc, also known as the Cathar Wars or Albigensian Crusade, spanning the period 1208 to 1255. It is divided into two parts:

• the arms of the Crusader knights (mainly French)
• the arms of the defenders (all Occitan).

We are much endebted to the work of Brian Timms who first collated much of the heraldic material on which this page is based.

Click on the following link for more on the Seal of Louis IX

Simon IV de Montfort (c 1164-1218)
Lord of Montfort, Earl of Leicester through his mother Amicie, countess of Leicester (vassal of the king of England for this earldom). Lord of Bardelle, Bonnelles, Les Bordes, La Celle, Conflans, Epernon, Gambais, Houdan, Méré, Montchauvet, St-Léger, Sonchamp.
Brother of Amaury III de Montfort. Half-Brother of Guillaume IV des Barres.

Simon IV married Alix, sister of Mathieu II de Montmorency.
A baron's coronet is shown here, because his claim to an earldom was disputed though he was often referred to as a count - the French were sympathetic to his claims to the earldom.

He was at Lagny 1180, the disastrous Fourth Crusade, Béziers 1209, Carcassonne 1209. He was leader of the Albigensian Crusade after the capture of Carcassonne, and led the Crusader army at Termes 1210, Lavaur 1211, Toulouse 1211, Castel 1211, Muret 1213, Beaucaire 1216, and Toulouse 1218 where he was killed

Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle
Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay
Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens)
Chronique - Baudouin d'Avesnes

Click on the following link for more on Simon de Montfort

Click on the following link for more on the Seal of Simon de Montfort

Arnould II de Guines (1170-1220)
Count of Guines. Castellan of Bourbourg. Lord of Ardres.
He fought at Bouvines 1214, England 1216, Marmande 1219
Source: Hystoria Albigensis - Commentaires de Pascal Guébin & Henri Maisonneuve

Vicomte (Viscount) Bertrand
Viscount of Bruniquel and Montclar (1224-1249). The illegitimate son of Raymond VI of ToulouseBertrand was half-brother of Raymond VII of toulouse. Bertrand married the Comtoresse de Bruniquel (Countess of Bruniquel) from whom he held the viscounty.
According to late XIIIth century rolls, the blazon is argent and gules, but a note of Lacabane suggests argent should be replaced by or.
He fought at Toulouse 1211
Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle
Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens)

Vicomte (Viscount) Baudouin
Baudouin was the brother of raymond VI. He was brought up in France and fought on the side of the Crusaders. He bore the same arms as his brother, On one famous occasion causing confusion when he appeared on the horizon with an army which, because of his banner, was mistaken for Languedoc troops.
Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle
Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens)

Renaud VI d'Aubusson (~1185-1249)
Viscount of Aubusson. Son of Guy.
He fought at Toulouse 1218
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Geoffroy VI de Châteaudun (c1195-1249)
Viscount of Châteaudun. Lord of Mondoubleau , Château-du-Loir, Mayet, La Suze and Louplande.
Link: www.francebalade.com .
Colours are conjonctured.
Fought at Carcassonne 1240 and on the Seventh Crusade †
Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle
Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens)

Bouchard I de Marly (1170-1226)
Lord of Marly (le-Roi), Montreuil-Bonnin, Magny (les-hameaux), Saissac and Saint-Martin.
Son of Matthew I de Marly. Bouchard I was cousin of Mathieu II de Montmorency. †
He fought at Lavaur 1211 (?), Toulouse 1211, Castel 1211, Muret 1213, Toulouse 1218 and Avignon 1226 † . He was awarded the castle at Saissac, siezed from Bertrand de Saissac.

Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle
Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay

Mathieu II de Montmorency "le grand" [France] (1174-1230)
Constable of France from about 1218. Lord of Ecouen, Conflans and Montmorency
One of his grand-mothers was Alice, daughter of King Henry I of England.
Brother in law of Simon IV de Montfort.
Bouvines 1214, Avignon 1226
Source: L'épopée cathare - Michel Roquebert

Bertrand I de Gourdon [Limousin] (~1185-~1240)
Lord of Gourdon
Bertrand de Gourdon was involved in the death of Richard Coeur de Lion, in 1199, during the siege of Chalus (near Limoges).
Quercy 1209, Toulouse 1218
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Bertrand II de Cardaillac [Toulouse] (1190-1250)
Lord of Cardaillac, Bioule, Saint-Cirq, la Popie, Rudelle, Thémines & Concots.
He followed the crusaders, took Puylaroque and plundered Lavaur.
Quercy 1209
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Otton de Trazegnies [Hainault, Hainaut]
Lord of Trazegnies.
Marmande 1219
Source: Hystoria Albigensis - Commentaires de Pascal Guébin & Henri Maisonneuve

Mathieu II de Marly (Marley) [France]
Lord of l'Haÿ (les-roses)
Son of Matthew I de Marly.
Castel 1211
Source: Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay

Lambert de Thury [Nevers & Auxerre] (1155-1224)
Also written Thurey, Thurin, Toury etc.... Also known as Lambert de Crécy or Lambert de Croissy
Lambert became Lord of Limoux (known as Lambert de Limoux) and Puicheric. He was the commander of the beliguered garisson in the citadel at Beaucaire in 1216. He restored the Castle at Saissac.
Béziers 1209, Carcassonne 1209, Termes 1210, Beaucaire 1216, Toulouse 1218
Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle:
Hystoria Albigensis - commentaires de Pascal Guébin & Henri Maisonneuve

Raoul VII de Mauvoisin
Lord of St André from 1228.
http://poirier.valveri.free.fr/nobles_ancetres/mauvoisi.htm
He was present at Marmande 1219
Source: Hystoria Albigensis - Commentaires de Pascal Guébin & Henri Maisonneuve

Arnoul IV d'Audenarde (Oudenarde) (~1180-1242):
Lord of Audenarde & Pamèle. Baillif of Flanders
He was at Marmande 1219
Source: Hystoria Albigensis - Commentaires de Pascal Guébin & Henri Maisonneuve

Eon de Pontchâteau [Bretagne, Britany]
Lord of Pontchâteau.
Termes, Bouvines 1214
Source: L'épopée cathare - Michel Roquebert

Simon VI de Neauphle (de Ricosie) [France]:
Castellan of Neauphle (-le-château).
The blazon is drawn from a seal (www.cg78.fr) dated 1206. Colours are uncertain. From 1217, after a second marriage, Simon adopted a seal with a lion. Again the colours are uncertain, but the lion might be argent as the castellans of Neauphle (Neaufle) were ligemen of the Montforts.
The Neauphle family founded the Cistercian Abbey of des Vaux de Cerney, whose sixth Abbot, Guy, and his nephew, a monk at the abbey called Peter, played important roles in the Cathar Crusade. Peter wrote the Historia Albigensis, a primary source much cited on this page. Click here for more on Guy and Peter des Vaux de Cerney, and the Historia Albigensis.

Fourth Crusade, Toulouse 1211, Castel 1211, Bouvines 1214
Source: Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay

Alain de Roucy (Alan of Roucy) [Picardie, Picardy] (~1170~1222) :
Muret 1213, Beaucaire 1216, England 1216, Toulouse 1218
Alan de Roucy was a vassal of the Count of Champaigne and also held fiefs from the French King (Philip Augustus).

Alan de Roucy arived in the Languedoc from France towards the winter of 1211, just as Simon de Montfort set off from Caselnaudry for Narbonne. He would remain in the Languedoc for ten years and was granted the lordship of Termes in 1213 by Simon de Montfort and later Bram and Montreal. He was killed defending Montreal in 1221.

Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle, laisse 111
Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay [279]. The Sibly's also cite Molinier 181 & 185.
Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens) , XXXI
Chronique - Baudouin d'Avesnes

Thibault V de Blaison [Anjou] (1160-1229)
Lord of Blaison and Mirebeau. Seneschal of Poitou.
Colours of the arms unknown
Las Navas 1212, Toulouse 1218
source: 1

Coats of Arms of the defenders of the Languedoc during the Cathar Wars

Peter II, King of Aragon - Pere el Catòlic.
Peter II, (1174-1213) was King of Aragón (1196-1213) and count of Barcelona (as Pere I), son and successor of Alfonso II. He was surnamed the Catholic.   The King of Aragon played a key role against the crusaders.

Peter II defended the méridionals' cause, taking the part of his relative and vassal, Raymond VI, Count ofToulouse.

According to legend, the arms of Aragón were origially plain gold: in heraldic terms "Or plain". Geoffroy le Velu, king of Aragón, was mortally wounded fighting on the side of Charles le Chauve against the Normans. Charles, to show his gratitude for Geoffroy's bravery, dipped his fingers in his blood and smeared them onto the shield, making the present arms, in heraldic terms "Or four pallets gules".

Peter died at the battle of Muret in 1213.

Click on the following link for more on Peter II of Aragon
Click on the following link for more about Aragon and Catalonia
Click on the following link for more about the relationship between the Houses of Aragon and Toulouse
Click on the following link for more about the arms of Aragon

Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle
Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay
Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens)
Cronica - Jaime I de Aragon

Raymond's mother, Constance, was daugther of the king of France.  He married Jeanne of England, then Eleonor, sister of King Peter of Aragon.

Raymond VI was the reigning Count of Toulouse at the time of the outbreak of the Cathar Wars.  He was sovereign of his territories, and held his lands under the feudal system from a number of his relatives.   Most of these lands were held as a vassal of the King of Aragon, but some he held from the Holy Roman Emperor, some from the King of France and some from the King of England. On 27 January 1213, Raymond VI paid homage to Peter II of Aragon (which in the event lasted only until the battle of Muret 12th September the same year when Peter was killed in battle).

Raymond VI was the father of Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse.

Raymond was the principle victim of the Crusade. He was present at Béziers 1209, Carcassonne 1209, Lavaur 1211, Toulouse 1211, Castel 1211, Muret 1213, Toulouse 1218.

Click on the following link for more on the House of Toulouse
Click on the following link for more on Counts of Toulouse
Click on the following link for more on Raymond VI ofToulouse
Click on the following link for more on the the role of Raymond VI Count of Toulouse in the Cathar Crusade

Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle
Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay
Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens)

Raymond VII of Toulouse  
 Ramon VII de Tolosa:    Raimond VII de Toulouse 
Raymond of St-Gilles (1197-1249), Count of Toulouse (1222-1249)
Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne, Count of Quercy, Rouergue and Saint-Gilles (France)
Count of Agen (Aquitaine).
Marquis of Provence (Empire)
Count of Melgueil (Pope)
Muret 1213, Beaucaire 1216, Toulouse 1218

Click on the following link for more on the House of Toulouse
Click on the following link for more on Counts of Toulouse
Click on the following link for more on Raymond VII ofToulouse
Click on the following link for more on the role of Raymond VII Count of Toulouse in the Cathar Crusade
Click on the following link for more on the Seal of Raymond VII Count of Toulouse

Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Centule I d'Astarac (1180-1233)
Occitan: Centolh d'Astaragues
Count of Astarac from 1174 or 1175 until his death.
He is recorded in a sirvente of Bertran de Born as having joined the alliance against Richard I (the Lionheart) in 1183. Bertran calls him E•n Centols. Centule raised a company of Gascons along with Gaston VI of Béarn and sent them north under one Brunus (or Brenus) to aid Adhemar V of Limoges in besieging a church on the Gorre in February. The company was routed by Richard. Centule participated in the Reconquista in Spain.
Las Navas 1212, Marmande 1219
Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle
Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens)

Click on the following link for more on the House of Toulouse
Click on the following link for more on Counts of Toulouse
Click on the following link for more on Raymond VII ofToulouse
Click on the following link for more on the role of Raymond VII Count of Toulouse in the Cathar Crusade
Click on the following link for more on the Seal of Raymond VII Count of Toulouse

Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Roger III de Comminges Couserans (1182-1256)
Viscount of Couserans
Comte of Palhars through his wife.
This familly is a branch of the House of Comminges.
Nephew of Raymond-Roger comte of Foix.
Toulouse 1218
Source: Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay

Raymond-Roger Trencavel (1185-1209)
Viscount of Béziers and Albi (vassal of the count of Toulouse). Viscount of Carcassonne and Razes (vassal of the count of Barcelona (= King of Aragon)).
The name Trencavel means nutcrackers (Trenca avelana).
Raymond-Roger Trencavel was married to Agnes of Montpellier. His uncle was Raymond VI Count of Toulouse.
Carcassonne 1209 .

The arms of Trencavels are known through several seals. They all show a shield barry and what looks like ermine. Twooptions have been speculated: gules and ermine; and or and ermine..

Arguments for or and ermine: The Rietstap armory, volume I page 195, at the name of Béziers (no source indicated): Languedoc. Barry or and ermine. Many authors have followed Rietstap. The arms have become popular and associated with Trencavel. They can be seen in the streets of Carcassonne. The civic arms of the city of Béziers are similar with France Ancient in chief. (the semé fleurs-de-lis have been replaced by 3 fleurs-de-lis and the barry has been replaced by 3 bars).

Arguments for gules and ermine: The coat of arms borne by other knights of the region such as Saissac, Barbaira, Durban and Hunaud de Lanta match both colours and patterns. (Except for Saissac and Barbaira, the arms are taken from Rietstap and are therfore not 100% reliable). "Ermine" applied on "or" is unconventional, almost unique for the time, even if, strictly speaking, it does not break the rules of heraldry because fur can be applied on metal. The association of "ermine" and "gules", on the contrary is frequent.

Brian Timms who, as far as I am aware is the only person to have studied this problem in detail, favours gules and ermine, but or and ermine is far more common today.

Click on the following link for more about Raymond-Roger Trencavel
Click on the following link for more about Raymond Trencavel II
Click on the following link for more about the House of Trencavel

Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle
Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay
Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens)

Click on the following link for more about Raymond Trencavel II
Click on the following link for more about the House of Trencavel
Click on the following link for more on the Seal of Raymond Trencavel II Viscount of Carcassonne and Beziers

Gaston VI de Moncade de Béarn ("le bon") (1165-1214)
Viscount of Béarn
Viscount of Oloron
Lord of Tortosa and Fraga
Castel 1211
The cows are in memory of the ancient people "vaccéens" (which sounds like "cowboys" in Occitan) who submited to the Romans in 100 BC.
Source:
Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay

Dalmas de Creixell [Aragon]
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Cronica - Jaime I de Aragon

Raymond III de Termes [Razes] (1170-1210)

Lord of Termes.
Termes
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Blasco d'Alagon [Aragon]
Source: Cronica- Jaime I de Aragon

Guillaume de Roquefort (11? -1211)
Termes, Toulouse 1211
Source: Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay

Guillem de Cervera [Aragon]

Gomez de Luna †
Source: Cronica- Jaime I de Aragon

Guillaume de Horta
Source: Cronica- Jaime I de Aragon

Savary or Savoric de Mauléon [Poitou] (1181-1233)
Savaric de Mauléon, Seneschal of Saintonge, Seigneur of Châtellaillon, Talmond, Benon, Angoulême, la Flotte en Ré and Fontenay.
The coat of arms is taken from a seal (colours are not certain). According to the "Gilles le Bouvier" armory (No 866 / 879) Mauléon bore Argent a lion gules. With a bordure sable besanté according to the armory of Navarre (No 1301). Rietstap gives Gules a lion Or, which are the civic arms of the town of Mauléon (with a bordure sable and 8 besants). In the "salles des Croisades" at Versailles, the coat of arms is Or a lion Gules.
Castel 1211, Avignon 1226, Fifth Crusade

Click on the following link for more on Savaric de Mauléon

Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle
Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay

Pierre de Durban [Razes]
Peter de Durban was Lord of Montégut (en Couserans).
Peter was the standard bearer of the count of Foix during the siege of Toulouse of 1218 (cf. Canso).
Toulouse 1218
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Guilhem de Hunaud de Lanta (~1140-<1232)
Lord of Lanta.
Toulouse 1218
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Jourdain de Saissac (1195-~1270)
Lord of Saissac.
Carcassonne 1240
Source: Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens)

Bernard-Hugues de Serralongue (Cabrenç) [Aragon] (-1255)
Lord of Cabrenç.
Carcassonne 1240
Source:
Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens)
"Rapport du sénéchal de Carcassone à la Reine Blanche de Castille - Guillaume des Ormes Arch. Nat J 1030 n°073 - traduction http://paratge.chez.tiscali.fr/carcassonne/1240.htm

Jourdain de Lanta
Source: Hystoria Albigensis - Commentaires de Pascal Guébin & Henri Maisonneuve

Olivier III de Termes [Razes] (~1200-1274)
Lord of Termes.
Oliver III was the son of Raymond III.
Oliver used a seal in 1228 depicting a plain shield (colour unknown but assumed to be gules). Two other seals attributed to him by Dom Vaissette are:
1. a lion
2. three chevrons with a label of 5.
According to the author of "Olivier de Termes, le cathare et le croisé", the two seals mentioned here have been confused with those of Philippe de Montfort.
Termes of Majorca bore quartered saltire 1 and 4 : gules a fleur de lis argent, 2 and 3 : argent a reversed moon.
Carcassonne 1240, Seventh Crusade, Eighth Crusade
Source:
Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens)
"Rapport du sénéchal de Carcassone à la Reine Blanche de Castille - Guillaume des Ormes Arch. Nat J 1030 n°073 - traduction http://paratge.chez.tiscali.fr/carcassonne/1240.htm

Sicard de Puylaurens [Aragon]
Toulouse 1218
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Guilhem de Peyrepertuse [Aragon]
Lord of Peyrepertuse.
colours are conjectured. They are based upon the Salamanca armory which gives for the name of Pertusa: or, 3 lozenges sable at the chief.
Carcassonne 1240
Source: Olivier de Termes, le cathare et le croisé - Gauthier Langlois

Dragonet de Mondragon [Marquisat de Provence] (~1170-1236)
Lord of Mondragon and Montauban. Dragonet was the honourable intermediary through whom Simon de Montfort negotiated the surrender of the citadel at Beaucaire.
Beaucaire 1216
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Ramon de Montauban [Marquisat de Provence] (~1195-1220)
Raymond de Montauban
Beaucaire 1216
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Hugues de la Baliste [Marquisat de Provence] (1180-1218)
Beaucaire 1216
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Isoard de Die d'Aix-Artaud [Marquisat de Provence] (~1190 > 1243)
Lord of Montmaur-en-Diois.
Lord of Chatillon-en-Dois ?
Beaucaire 1216
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Guillaume d'Aix-Artaud de Die [Marquisat de Provence] (~1165>1230)
Lord of Montmaur.
Beaucaire 1216
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Hugues de Lemps (de Laens) [Marquisat de Provence]
Lord of Lemps.
Beaucaire 1216
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Bertrand Porcellet [Comté de Provence] (11?-1228)
"Bertrand little pig"
Co-lord of Arles.
Beaucaire 1216 ?
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Géraud de Niort [Razes]
Brother of Bernard-Othon.
Colours are conjonctured (based upon those of Lordat).
Carcassonne 1240, Muret 1213
source:10, Mahul - V,p117

Guilhem de Niort
Source: Rapport du sénéchal de Carcassone à la Reine Blanche de Castille - Guillaume des Ormes, Arch. Nat J 1030 n°073 - traduction

Albeta de Tarascon [Marquisat de Provence]
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Hugues d'Alfaro
Seneschal of Agen and Castellan of Avignonet.
Hugues was the brother-in-law of Raymond VII of Toulouse.
Raymond d'Alfaro was the son of Hugues. Hugues coordinated the masacre of Inquisitors at Avignonetin 1242.
Toulouse 1211, Castel 1211, Muret 1213, Toulouse 1218
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Isarn de Puylaurens
Source: Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle

Aimery de Laurac (Montréal) [Razes] (?-1211)
Lord of Laurac and co-lord of Montréal.
Aimery was the son of Blanche de Laurac who was married to a member of the house of Roquefort. He had 4 sisters among whom Esclarmonde and Guiraude, who married Guilhem Peyre, lord of Lavaur. Guiraude and Aimery were murdered there in 1211 by crusaders.
Lavaur 1211
Source:
Canso de la crozada - Guilhem [Guillaume or William] de Tudèle
Historia Albigensis - Pierre des Vaux de Cernay
Chronica - Guilhem de Puylaurens (The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens)

In 1180 or 1181, a great tournament was held at Lagny-sur-Marne on the borders of France and Champagne. The history of William Marshal relates that 19 counts, the Duke of Burgundy and about 3000 knights from France, Flanders, the Low Lands, Germany, Normandy, England, Anjou and elsewhere. Henry the Young King, son and heir of King Henry II of England came with more than 200 knights. They fought for glory and money in what looked like genuine pitched battles. The objective was not to kill, but to capture men or horses. Tournaments were held almost every two weeks. Here William Marshal earned fortune and fame in a few years. He and his fellow knight captured and ransomed over 100 knights in 10 months of tournaments. Many of those who attended would later find themselves as fellow cruseders in the Holy Land and in the Languedoc.